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<title>Database refactoring</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Database refactoring</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>A <b>database refactoring</b> is a simple change to a <a href="Database_schema" title="Database schema">database schema</a> that improves its design while retaining both its behavioral and informational semantics. Database refactoring does not change the way data is interpreted or used and does not fix <a href="Software_bug" title="Software bug">bugs</a> or add new functionality. Every refactoring to a database leaves the system in a working state, thus not causing maintenance lags, provided the meaningful data exists in the production environment.

</p><p>A database refactoring is conceptually more difficult than a <a href="Code_refactoring" title="Code refactoring">code refactoring</a>; code refactorings only need to maintain behavioral semantics while database refactorings also must maintain informational semantics.

</p><p>A database schema is typically refactored for one of several reasons:

</p>

<ol><li>To develop the schema in an evolutionary manner in parallel with the evolutionary design of the rest of the system.</li>

<li>To fix design problems with an existing legacy database schema. Database refactorings are often motivated by the desire for <a href="Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">database normalization</a> of an existing production database, typically to "clean up" the design of the database.</li>

<li>To implement what would be a large (and potentially risky) change as a series of small, low-risk changes.</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories_of_database_refactoring">Categories of database refactoring</h2></div>

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<p>In 2006 Scott Ambler, Pramod Sadalage<sup id="cite_ref-database_refactoring_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-database_refactoring-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describe the following categories of database refactoring:<sup id="cite_ref-embler_db_refactoring_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-embler_db_refactoring-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>Architecture Refactoring</li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>A change which improves the overall manner in which external programs interact with a database.</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Methods of Architecture Refactoring category: Add CRUD Methods; Add Mirror Table; Add Read Method; Encapsulate Table With View; Introduce Calculation Method; Introduce Index; Introduce Read Only Table; Migrate Method From Database; Migrate Method To Database; Replace Method(s) With View; Replace View With Methods(s); Use Official Data Source.

</p>

<ul><li>Structural Refactoring</li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>A change to the table structure of your database schema.</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Methods of Structural Refactoring category: Drop Column; Drop Table; Drop View; Introduce Calculated Column; Introduce Surrogate Key; Merge Columns; Merge Tables; Move Column; Rename Column; Rename Table; Rename View; Replace LOB With Table; Replace Column; Replace One-To-Many With Associative Tables; Replace Surrogate Key With Natural Key; Split Column; Split Table.

</p>

<ul><li>Data Quality Refactoring</li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>A change which improves and/or ensures the consistency and usage of the values stored within the database.</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Methods of Data Quality Refactoring category: Add Lookup Table; Apply Standard Codes; Apply Standard Type; Consolidate Key Strategy; Drop Column Constraint; Drop Default Value; Drop Non Nullable; Introduce Column Constraint; Introduce Common Format; Introduce Default Value; Make Column Non Nullable; Move Data; Replace Type Code With Property Flags.

</p>

<ul><li>Referential Integrity Refactoring</li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>A change which ensures that a referenced row exists within another table and/or that ensures that a row which is no longer needed is removed appropriately.</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Methods of Referential Integrity Refactoring category: Add Foreign Key Constraint; Add Trigger for Calculated Column; Drop Foreign Key Constraint; Introduce Cascading Delete; Introduce Hard Delete; Introduce Soft Delete; Introduce Trigger for History.

</p>

<ul><li>Transformation</li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>A change which changes the semantics of your database schema by adding new elements to it or by modifying existing elements.</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Methods of Transformation category: Insert Data; Introduce New Column; Introduce New Table; Introduce View; Update Data.

</p>

<ul><li>Method Refactoring</li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>A change which improves the quality of a stored procedure, stored function, or trigger.</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Methods of the Method Refactoring category: Parameterize Methods; Remove Parameter; Rename Method; Reorder Parameters; Replace Parameter with Explicit Methods; Consolidate Conditional Expression; Decompose Conditional; Extract Method; Introduce Variable; Remove Control Flag; Remove Middle Man; Replace Literal with Table Lookup; Replace Nested; Conditional with Guard Clauses; Split Temporary Variable; Substitute Algorithm.

</p><p>In 2019 Vladislav Struzik supplemented the categories of database refactoring with a new one:<sup id="cite_ref-access_refactoring_1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-access_refactoring_1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>Access Refactoring</li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>A change which relates to data access.</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Methods of the Access Refactoring category:<sup id="cite_ref-access_refactoring_2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-access_refactoring_2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-access_refactoring_medium_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-access_refactoring_medium-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Change Authentication Attributes; Revoke Authorization Privileges; Grant Authorization Privileges; Extract Database Schema; Merge Database Schemas.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process_of_database_refactoring">Process of database refactoring</h2></div>

<p>The process of database refactoring is the act of applying database refactorings to evolve an existing database schema (database refactoring is a core practice of <a href="Evolutionary_database_design" title="Evolutionary database design">evolutionary database design</a>). There are three considerations that need to be taken into account:

</p>

<ol><li>How a single refactoring is implemented</li>

<li>How database refactorings are tracked and shared within organizations</li>

<li>How a series of database refactorings are applied</li></ol>

<ul><li><a href="Database_testing" title="Database testing">Database testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_migration" title="Data migration">Data migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Denormalization" title="Denormalization">Denormalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Refactoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Refactoring">Refactoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">Test-driven development</a></li>

<li><a href="Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-database_refactoring-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-database_refactoring_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Scott Ambler, Pramod Sadalage</i> Refactoring Databases: Evolutionary Database Design - Addison-Wesley Professional; 1st edition (March 3, 2006) - 384 p. - <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0321774514</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-embler_db_refactoring-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-embler_db_refactoring_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Scott Ambler</i> Catalog of Database Refactorings - Agile Data - URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://agiledata.org/essays/databaseRefactoringCatalog.html">http://agiledata.org/essays/databaseRefactoringCatalog.html</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-access_refactoring_1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-access_refactoring_1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Струзік, В. А.</i> Категорія рефакторинг доступу / В. А. Струзік // Комп’ютерні науки, інформаційні технології та системи управління : Міжнародна науково-технічна конференція студентів, аспірантів та молодих вчених, 27–29 листопада 2019 р. – Івано-Франківськ : Прикарпатський національний університет ім. Василя Стефаника, 2019. – С. 20-21. URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dspace.nuft.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/31516">http://dspace.nuft.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/31516</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-access_refactoring_2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-access_refactoring_2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Струзік, В. А.</i> Категорія рефакторинг доступу / В. А. Струзік, С. В. Грибков, В. В. Чобану // Наукові праці НУХТ. – Т. 26, № 2. – 2020. – С. 31–49. URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dspace.nuft.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/31515">http://dspace.nuft.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/31515</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-access_refactoring_medium-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-access_refactoring_medium_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Vladislav Struzik, PhD</i> Refactoring: yesterday, today, tomorrow. URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://medium.com/@struzik/refactoring-yesterday-today-tomorrow-7fc8c845cfb1">https://medium.com/@struzik/refactoring-yesterday-today-tomorrow-7fc8c845cfb1</a> </span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.databaserefactoring.com">Database Refactoring Website</a> by Pramod Sadalage</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Database414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database#Major_database_usage_requirements" title="Database">Requirements</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_theory" title="Database theory">Theory</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Datasource" title="Datasource">datasource</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_administrator" title="Database administrator">Administrator</a></li>

<li><a href="Synonym_(database)" title="Synonym (database)">Synonym</a></li>

<li>Types</li>

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<li><a href="Database_forensics" title="Database forensics">Forensics</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_database" title="Negative database">Negative database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Database_design" title="Database design">Design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entities and relationships</a> (and <a href="Enhanced_entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Enhanced entity–relationship model">Enhanced</a> notation)</li>

<li><a href="Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Normalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_schema" title="Database schema">Schema</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardinality_(data_modeling)" title="Cardinality (data modeling)">Cardinality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_abstraction_layer" title="Database abstraction layer">Abstraction layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Object%E2%80%93relational_mapping" title="Object–relational mapping">Object–relational mapping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_virtualization" title="Database virtualization">Virtualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_tuning" title="Database tuning">Tuning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Database_caching" title="Database caching">caching</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Data_migration#Database_migration" title="Data migration">Migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_preservation" title="Database preservation">Preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Database integrity">Integrity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lists_of_databases" title="Lists of databases">Lists of</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_biological_databases" title="List of biological databases">Biological</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_biodiversity_databases" title="List of biodiversity databases">Biodiversity</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">Facial expression</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_online_databases" title="List of online databases">Online</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_online_music_databases" title="List of online music databases">Online music</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_online_real_estate_databases" title="List of online real estate databases">Online real estate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database-centric_architecture" title="Database-centric architecture">Database-centric architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_database" title="Intelligent database">Intelligent database</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-phase_locking" title="Two-phase locking">Two-phase locking</a></li>

<li><a href="Locks_with_ordered_sharing" title="Locks with ordered sharing">Locks with ordered sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_publishing" title="Database publishing">Publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Halloween_Problem" title="Halloween Problem">Halloween Problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_shipping" title="Log shipping">Log shipping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</b> <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-08-10" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Database_refactoring&oldid=1239631739">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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